High linearity tunable bandpass filter

ABSTRACT

A tunable bandpass filter ( 10 ) is provided. An RF signal is provided at an input of the tunable bandpass filter, and a level shifted control signal (V 1 , V 2 ) inputted to the tunable bandpass filter ( 10 ) switches a first arrangement and a second arrangement of one or more tuning portions ( 15, 17 - 1, 17 - 2, 17 - 3 ) in or out of the tunable bandpass filter using a GaAs FET switch. The first arrangement is coupled to the second arrangement using an inductor ( 13 ). An RF signal having a desired predetermined frequency at an output of the tunable bandpass filter ( 10 ) is produced by the switching. The tuning portions include the GaAs FET switch ( 15 ), a first capacitor ( 17 - 1 ) connected at a first signal terminal of the GaAs FET switch and a second capacitor ( 17 - 2 ) connected between a second signal terminal of the GaAs FET switch and ground. Each of the tuning portions can be arranged in parallel with one another.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional of co-pending U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 11/539,048 filed Oct. 5, 2006.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Statement of the Technical Field

The inventive arrangements relate generally to bandpass filters, andmore particularly to a tunable bandpass filter and a method of tuning abandpass filter.

2. Description of the Related Art

The designation “legacy” is often used to refer to manpack radios thatwere used by tactical forces during the decades which preceded andoverlapped with the so called digital era. Overall performance of legacyradios was considered to be more than adequate, and is often used tojudge the performance of similar communication devices used today. Thegood performance of legacy radios is in part due to the fact that theyused waveforms with simple modulation schemes and narrow frequencycoverage.

The comparatively simpler modulation schemes and limited frequencycoverage of legacy radios lend themselves to transmit paths with verygood transmit noise floor and transmit spurious performance in a smallform factor with low power consumption. As an example of simplemodulation schemes and narrow frequency coverage, some legacy radios mayuse FSK modulation with a frequency coverage of only 30-88 MHz.

In today's tactical environment however, manpack and handheld radios arerequired to operate in a congested frequency spectrum. Further, newer,multi-band, multi-mode SDR radios (software defined radios) requirecomplex modulation schemes and broad frequency coverage. Modulationschemes such as QAM (quadrature amplitude modulation) require superiortransmit linearity. Further, wider frequency coverage, for example, from30-512 MHz, requires multiple bands of filtering. This requirement is atodds with requirements such as lower power consumption in a small formfactor with high linearity.

It is a continuing challenge is to design a tunable bandpass filter toprovide broadbanded and highly selective transmit filtering in a smallform factor with minimal power consumption (legacy performance). Some“legacy” collocation specifications included transmit noise floor (−170dBc/Hz), and transmit spurious (−80 dBc). These specifications (alongwith others) may be used to define “legacy performance”. To meet thesespecifications, selective filtering is required as close to the antennaas possible, i.e. selective filtering at the highest power levelpossible. However, legacy waveforms typically do not require highlinearity transmit paths, that is, good IMD (intermodulation distortion)performance. This somewhat eases the linearity requirements of thefilter. In contrast, newer high data rate/narrow bandwidth waveformsrequire a highly linear transmit path.

As one possible answer to the challenge, varactor tuned bandpass filtersmay be considered. However, varactor tuned bandpass filters have poorlinearity, thus limiting their input power levels, and thereby reducingtheir filtering effectiveness from a transmit noise floor perspective.Linearity of the filter (intermodulation distortion) and tuning voltageare limited by the maximum voltage rating of the varactor diodesthemselves.

Key factors for a tunable filter implemented with varactor diodes arethe varactor tune voltage and the RF signal voltage. In a varactor tunedbandpass filter, as the RF signal voltage becomes significant comparedto the varactor tune voltage, distortion increases dramatically. Thevaractor tune voltage is limited by the tuning capacitance changerequired (filter frequency coverage), and the maximum reverse voltage ofthe varactor diode (typically 25 VDC or less).

In one particular investigation, linearity measurements from prototypesof a varactor tuned bandpass filter were determined through standardmeasurements of intermodulation distortion. With −2.5 dBm PEP RF (peakenvelope power radio frequency) signal input, the IMD products were 44.8dB down. Given an insertion loss of −4.5 dB for the filter, the outputintercept point (OIP) was +9.4 dBm.

As another possible approach to designing a software defined radio tomeet legacy specifications, it has been suggested that linearity may beimproved using a PIN diode switched bandpass filter. However, with a PINdiode switched bandpass filter, power consumption would be unacceptablein that the filter would require significant DC biasing circuitry andsize. Without building a prototype, investigations suggested that a 20dBm PEP RF signal input (100 mW) would have a +50 dBm output interceptpoint (OIP3). The power consumption of the filter would be approximately350 mW given 10 mA PIN diode forward bias on 10 separate PIN diodes.This does not include the power required for diode switching circuitry.A PIN diode switched bandpass filter is impractical with respect tolegacy specifications, at least because it does not meet the low powerconsumption requirement.

An objective of the invention is to provide a tunable bandpass filterhaving broadbanded waveforms with low distortion (high linearity) in thetransmit path. A further objective of the invention is to provide atunable bandpass filter having highly selective transmit filtering.Another objective of the invention is to provide a tunable bandpassfilter having good collocation performance. A further objective of theinvention is to provide a tunable bandpass filter having a small size. Afurther objective of the invention is to provide a tunable bandpassfilter having low power consumption. A further object of the inventionis to provide a software defined radio having legacy performance.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention concerns using gallium arsenide field effect transistorswitches and discrete capacitors to create tunable elements in a tunablebandpass filter for a software defined radio.

According to the invention, a tuning portion for tuning a circuitincludes a switch that is implemented with one or more gallium arsenidefield effect transistors (GaAs FET switch), a control terminal toreceive a control signal to turn the GaAs FET switch on or off, a firstcapacitor connected at a first signal terminal of the GaAs FET switch,and a second capacitor connected between a second signal terminal of theGaAs FET switch and ground.

In a preferred arrangement, the control signal is a digital signal, thedigital signal can be level shifted, and the tuning portion can furtherinclude a termination capacitor for the GaAs FET switch when it isturned off.

According to another aspect of the invention, there is provided asoftware defined radio having one or more tunable bandpass filtercircuits which include an impedance step-up element at an input of theone or more tunable bandpass filter circuits, an impedance step-downelement at an output of the one or more tunable bandpass filtercircuits, and one or more tuning portions. Each tuning portion caninclude at least one component selected from among a capacitivecomponent, a resistive component and an inductive component and at leastone switching element to switch one or more components in and out of theone or more tunable bandpass filter circuits, and a control terminal toreceive at least one input signal to turn one or more switching elementson or off.

In a preferred arrangement, the impedance step-up element is anautotransformer and the impedance step-down element is anautotransformer, the switching element is a GaAs FET switch, onecomponent is a capacitor connected at a first signal terminal of thegallium arsenide transistor and another component is a capacitorconnected between a second signal terminal of the GaAs FET switch andground. The one or more tunable bandpass filter circuits can include atermination capacitor for the GaAs FET switch when it is turned off. Aninput signal may be a digital signal, the digital signal may be levelshifted, voltage levels of the digital signal may range from LVCMOS (lowvoltage complementary metal oxide semiconductor) levels on a low end andup to and including a level of 8 volts on an upper end, and the softwaredefined radio may be selected from among a handheld radio and a manpackradio, and can have a frequency coverage of 30-512 MHz.

According to another aspect of the invention, there is provided atunable bandpass filter which includes an autotransformer to provideimpedance step-up at an input of the tunable bandpass filter, anautotransformer to provide impedance step-down at an output of thetunable bandpass filter, and two or more tuning portions arranged inparallel with one another. Each tuning portion includes two or moretuning elements and at least one GaAs FET switch to switch the two ormore tuning elements in and out of the tunable bandpass filter. At leastone inductive element may couple the tuning portions together, and atleast one control terminal may receive a control signal to turn the GaAsFET switch on or off.

In a preferred arrangement, two or more tuning elements are capacitors,one of the tuning elements is connected at a first signal terminal ofthe GaAs FET switch, and one of the tuning elements is connected betweena second signal terminal of the GaAs FET switch and ground. The tunablebandpass filter can be included in a software defined radio selectedfrom among a handheld radio and a manpack radio.

According to another aspect of the invention, there is provided a methodof operating a tunable bandpass filter. An RF signal is provided at aninput of the tunable bandpass filter, and a level shifted control signalcan be inputted to the tunable bandpass filter to perform switching of afirst arrangement and a second arrangement of one or more tuningportions in or out of the tunable bandpass filter using a GaAs FETswitch. The first arrangement can be coupled to the second arrangementusing an inductor. An RF signal having a desired predetermined frequencyand bandwidth at an output of the tunable bandpass filter can beproduced by the switching.

In a preferred arrangement, each of the tuning portions includes theGaAs FET switch, a first capacitor connected at a first signal terminalof the gallium arsenide transistor and a second capacitor connectedbetween a second signal terminal of the GaAs FET switch and ground. Eachof the tuning portions can be arranged in parallel with one another. Avalue of the first capacitor and a value of the second capacitor may bechosen to produce the RF signal of the desired predetermined frequencyand bandwidth at the output of the tunable bandpass filter. Multiplebands of filtering having frequency coverage from 30-512 MHz can beproduced by the switching. The multiple bands may include a 30-57 MHzband, a 57-108 MHz band, a 108-160.7 MHz band, a 160.7-304.8 MHz bandand a 304.8-512 MHz band. The method of operating may be used in asoftware defined radio selected from among a handheld radio and amanpack radio.

The foregoing and other objects and advantages of the invention willappear from the following description. In the description, reference ismade to the accompanying drawings, which form a part hereof, and inwhich there is shown by way of illustration a preferred embodiment ofthe invention. Such embodiment does not necessarily represent the fullscope of the invention, however, and reference must be made to theclaims herein for interpreting the scope of the invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 2 is diagram showing a single switch leg of the invention.

FIG. 3 shows a drawing of an example of a switch which can be used toimplement the invention.

FIG. 4 shows tables listing some of the specifications of the switch ofFIG. 3

FIG. 5 shows an example of a circuit to provide control signals forswitching the switch of FIG. 3.

FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of the invention in whichtwo tuned circuits have two switch legs each.

FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of the invention using asmall number of components.

FIG. 8 is an illustration of an example of a manpack radio.

FIG. 9 shows a block diagram of a system in which the invention can beimplemented.

FIG. 10 is a table listing some comparisons between features of a GaAsFET tuned filter, a varactor tuned filter and a PIN diode tuned filter.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

An exemplary embodiment of the invention is shown in FIG. 1. For theexemplary embodiments shown in FIGS. 1, 6 and 7, like numerals are usedto designate like elements unless otherwise indicated.

In the example of FIG. 1, reference numeral 11-1 designates an impedancechanging element at an input of a tunable bandpass filter 10, andreference numeral 11-2 designates an impedance changing element at anoutput of the tunable bandpass filter 10. In the example shown, theimpedance changing elements 11-1 and 11-2 are autotransformers. Anautotransformer is special type of transformer consisting of a single,continuous winding that is tapped on one side to provide either astep-up or step-down function.

While autotransformers are shown in the examples of FIGS. 1, 6 and 7,almost any type of transformer would be adequate in any one of thefilter topologies to be discussed, a main goal being to step up or stepdown the impedance at an input and output of the tunable bandpass filter10. A purpose of impedance “transformation” is to optimize selectivityin any of the filter topologies here discussed (better selectivity comeswith higher input impedance). At the input of the tunable bandpassfilter 10, the autotransformer 11-1 is an impedance step-up element. Atthe output of the tunable bandpass filter 10, the autotransformer 11-2is an impedance step-down element. Such is the case in each of theembodiments shown in FIGS. 1, 6 and 7.

In the example of FIG. 1, an inductive element (inductor 13) couplestogether tunable circuits of the tunable bandpass filter 10 (suchcoupling is common practice, as those skilled in the art willappreciate). The designation “tunable circuit”, in the example shown inFIG. 1, is used to refer to the circuitry on either side of the inductor13 (the inductor 13 divides the filter into two tunable circuits). Atunable circuit is also herein referred to as a resonator. A tunablecircuit (also tuning or tunable portion) can have one or more “switchlegs”. A single switch leg, designated by reference numeral 19, is shownin FIG. 2, for example.

Referring to FIG. 1, a switch leg 19 includes the GaAs FET switch 15(inside of the dashed circle) having signal terminals 21-1, 21-2, 21-3.Capacitors 17-1, 17-2 and 17-3 are respectively connected to signalterminals 21-1, 21-2, 21-3. The dashed circle is placed around the GaAsFET switch 15 for identification purposes only, and is not part of theschematic symbol. The dashed circle is not again used to identify eachGaAs FET switch 15.

Notably, the schematic symbol used to represent the GaAs FET switch inFIGS. 1-3 and 5-7 shows a plurality of signal terminals 21-1, 21-2, 21-3and a single control terminal 22. A more detailed illustration isprovided in FIG. 3, and shows the FET switch control terminal canactually include two separate electrical connections 21-1, 21-2 forreceiving control voltages V1 and V2 via a line 20. In this regard, itshould be understood that the line 20 used for controlling the switch isactually comprised of at least two separate conductive paths. In some ofthe figures, portions of line 20 appear as a single line for ease andsimplicity of illustration. However, in the embodiments shown anddiscussed herein, line 20 should be understood as having at least twoseparate conductive paths. In FIGS. 1-3, and 5-7, the hash mark acrossthe line 20 and the numeral 2 above the hash mark is used to illustratethat the line 20 has two conductive paths.

As will be appreciated from the ongoing discussion, there are severalconsiderations for arranging the capacitors in the manner shown in theexample of FIG. 1 (see also FIG. 6). As a base consideration, thearrangement of the capacitors is consistent with an indication from thedata sheet that the GaAs FET switch should have DC blocking capacitorsat the signal terminals thereof. For the embodiments shown, a SkyworksAS-211-334 GaAs FET can be used. A complete data sheet for the GaAs FETis not provided. However, the data sheet is incorporated herein in itsentirety by reference thereto (some relevant specifications are providedin tables 1 and 2 of FIG. 4).

The AS-211-334 switch specifications further indicate that the blockingcapacitors must be supplied externally (external to the GaAs FETswitch). Accordingly, while the primary consideration for capacitors17-1 and 17-2 is their use as tuning capacitors, capacitors 17-1, 17-2and 17-3 provided at signal terminals 21-1, 21-2, 21-3 of the GaAs FETswitch 15 of FIG. 1 may also serve as blocking capacitors. Capacitor17-3, which also serves as a termination capacitor for the GaAs FETswitch 15, typically has a very small value in comparison to a value ofcapacitor 17-1. Capacitor 17-3 may be optional under some circumstances.For example, for minimum component count, stray capacitance in thefilter may suffice to replace capacitor 17-3. Stray capacitance may bedefined as capacitance sometimes created by the proximity of othercircuit components to each other (it is generally unwanted). Ideally,stray capacitance should not be present. However, it often is present insome small amount, and in some instances can be a suitable substitutefor capacitor 17-3.

Preferably, both tuning capacitors 17-1 and 17-2 are required. Apreferred arrangement of capacitors 17-1 and 17-2 is such that thecapacitors 17-1 and 17-2 are connected to signal terminals 21-1 and 21-2of the GaAs FET switch 15 respectively. This capacitor arrangementprovides an added degree of tuning flexibility for the tunable bandpassfilter 10.

For example, when the GaAs FET switch 15 is ON, a low resistanceconductive path is provided between signal terminals 21-1, 21-2 of theGaAs FET switch. Accordingly, capacitors 17-1, 17-2 are switched intothe tunable bandpass filter 10 in a series arrangement. The seriesarrangement produces a capacitor value lower than a value of either ofthe individual capacitors. For calculations sake, it is well known bypractitioners that a total capacitance value of two series capacitors iscalculated in the same manner as resistors in parallel (product of thetwo capacitors divided by the sum of the two capacitors).

On the other hand, when the GaAs FET switch 15 is OFF, a low resistanceconductive path is provided between the signal terminals 21-1 and 21-3.Accordingly, the capacitors 17-1 and 17-3 are switched into the tunablebandpass filter. Under these circumstances, the total capacitance of theswitch leg is the series combination of capacitors 17-1 and 17-3. Whencapacitor 17-1 is chosen to be much larger than capacitor 17-3 (orcapacitor 17-3 is chosen to be much smaller than capacitor 17-1), theeffect of turning the GaAs FET switch OFF is to switch an entire switchleg 19 out of the filter. In such a case, the capacitance of the seriescombination of capacitors 17-1 and 17-3 is generally no greater than asmall amount of stray capacitance in the filter, and is not expected toprovide any contribution to the tuning of the filter. It is quiteconceivable that such a contribution is possible if a value of capacitor17-3 is chosen to be larger. Typically however, an entire leg isswitched out of the filter 10 when the GaAs FET switch 15 is turned OFF.

By choosing similar values for 17-1 and 17-2 (values larger thancapacitor 17-3), the effect of termination capacitor 17-3 upon thebandpass filter can be minimized. Alternatively, capacitor 17-1 can bechosen to be a large value that is insignificant to the total ONcapacitance (a large value capacitor 17-1 will look like no capacitorwhen switched into series with capacitor 17-2). In such a case, thetotal ON capacitance would be approximately that of capacitor 17-2 only.Such an arrangement adds to the tuning flexibility of the filter (thetuning operation will be explained later).

The circuit of FIG. 1 shows broken line and ellipses. These are intendedto indicate that each tuning portion (resonator) of the tunable bandpassfilter 10 can include additional switch legs 19. The addition of moreswitch legs 19 provides added tuning flexibility to the filter byincreasing a number of switching combinations (this will be explainedlater).

In the example of FIG. 1, the tunable circuit to the left of theinductor 13 can be constructed of a switch formed of one or more GaAsFETs (GaAs FET switch) 15 and tuning elements 17-1 and 17-2. In theexample shown, a capacitor 17-1 is connected at a signal terminal 21-1of the GaAs FET switch 15, and a second capacitor 17-2 is connectedbetween signal terminal 21-2 of the GaAs FET 15 switch and ground. Thetuning portion includes termination capacitor 17-3 connected between thesignal terminal 21-3 of the GaAs FET switch 15 and ground. A secondtuning portion, to the right of inductor 13, is similarly arranged. Itis common practice among skilled practitioners to arrange the secondtuning portion so that it mirrors the tuning portion to the left of theinductor 13 (first tuning portion). In each of FIGS. 1, 6 and 7,reference numeral 20 designates a line having two conductive paths forinputting control signals (V1 and V2) to turn the GaAs FET switch 15 ONor OFF.

As previously mentioned, FIG. 2 provides an illustration of an exampleof a single switch leg 19. A switch leg 19 may have only one capacitor(for example, capacitor 17-2) and the GaAs FET switch 15. It is apreferable to have the GaAs FET switch AC coupled on each signalterminal 21-1, 21-2, 21-3 (DC blocking capacitors on each node).However, because there is a low probability that DC current will getinto the GaAs FET switch, and because stray capacitance is expected tobe present in the circuit board surrounding the GaAs FET switch in asmall amount, capacitor 17-3 may be eliminated for an absolute minimumcomponent count. The filter can operate satisfactorily with a minimumcomponent count, but with some limitations with respect to bandwidth andnumber of center frequencies.

FIG. 3 provides a diagram of the AS-211-334 GaAs FET switch (previouslymentioned), which can be used in implementing the invention. As shown inFIG. 3, when the switch is in the ON position, signal terminals 21-1 and21-2 are connected in series. In a preferred arrangement, capacitors17-1 and 17-2 are connected at 21-1 and 21-2 respectively. Controlvoltages to the switch are input at V1(ON) and V2(OFF) via line 20.Capacitor 17-3 (when used) is connected at 21-3.

FIG. 4 provides some relevant specifications for the GaAs FET switchAS-211-334. Information provided in Tables 1 and 2 of FIG. 4 is notintended to be limiting.

FIG. 5 shows an example of a level shifting circuit 30 for providingcontrol signals to the GaAs FET switch 15 to switch it ON or OFF. In theexample shown, level shifting circuit 30 is comprised of a pair ofcomparators. In the circuit shown, each comparator is a commerciallyavailable LMV7211 type comparator. The data sheet for the LMV7211comparator is incorporated herein by reference, but the specificationstherein are not intended to be limiting.

It is here noted that the data sheet for the AS-211-334 GaAs FET switchspecifies that the maximum control voltage V_(High) is +5 volts. Levelshifting circuit 30, however, provides a control voltage V_(High) of upto +8 volts to the switch. However, when the GaAS FET switch is used inthe manner in which it is used in this particular invention, theincrease in control voltage provided by the level shifter has nodeleterious effect on the operation of either the filter, or on the GaAsFET switch itself. Rather, for this particular design, the increase involtage increases linearity of the switch.

By way of explanation, a simple (single) comparator, in general, has aplus (non-inverting) and minus (inverting) input, wherein a signal(capable of being varied) is received at one of the inputs while theother input is fixed at a reference or threshold voltage level. In asimple comparator operation, the input signal is compared to thereference voltage, and an output signal is based on the comparison (forexample, the larger of the input signal and reference signal is output).The comparator can be configured so that the signal at the output of thecomparator will be low on one hand, or high (up to the supply voltage)on the other hand. The switching back and forth between two outputvoltage levels normally occurs when the input signal crosses a thresholdvoltage. Such a simple comparator provides a single high or low output,and therefore is not suitable for simultaneously providing a signal andits complement in the manner required for implementing the invention.

By contrast, a comparator, such as the comparator of FIG. 5, providestwo outputs (for example, V1 and V2). In the arrangement shown, theseoutput signals are complements of each other. As shown in FIG. 5, aninverting and a non-inverting input of the respective comparators areconnected. In this configuration, when a (high) input signal isreceived, and V1 goes high, V2 goes low. The output signals change(switch) when the input voltage crosses a reference voltage level. Forexample, when a (low) signal is input to the comparator, and V1 goeslow, V2 goes high. As a more particular example, when a high signal (3volts, for example) is received at the input of the comparator, V1 goesto 8 volts while V2 goes to 0 volts. When a low signal (0 volts, forexample), V1 goes to about 0 volts and V2 goes to 8 volts. For allpractical purposes, the switching is instantaneous.

In the example of FIG. 5, the input signals to the comparator are singledigital control signals from LVCMOS circuits, which will be discussedlater.

FIG. 6 illustrates an example of another embodiment of the invention. Inthe example of FIG. 6, the tunable bandpass filter 10 has two tunablecircuits coupled together by the inductor 13. Each tunable circuit hastwo switch legs 19. In this embodiment, there are two tuning capacitors17-1 and 17-2 on each switch leg 19 of the tunable bandpass filter 10.Termination capacitor 17-3 is also included.

In the example of FIG. 6, four switch combinations are possible withregard to the two switch legs 19 in the first tuning portion (left ofthe inductor 13). In particular, (1) both switch legs 19 can be ON, (2)both switch legs 19 can be OFF, (3) the first switch leg 19 can be ONand the second switch leg 19 can be OFF and (4) the first switch leg 19can be OFF and the second switch leg 19 can be ON. This arrangement addseven more flexibility to the tunable bandpass filter 10. As previouslyalluded to, common practice is that the first tuning circuit mirrors thesecond tuning circuit, so during a tuning operation, the same ON/OFFcombinations used in the first tuning circuit should be used in thesecond tuning circuit. However, it should be understood that theinvention is not limited in this regard.

FIG. 7 illustrates an example of another embodiment of the invention.Particularly, FIG. 7 shows a tunable bandpass filter 10 implemented witha lower component count. While tuning capacitors 17-1 and 17-2 areshown, an absolutely minimum component count can include the GaAs FETswitch 15 and only one other component, for example, a resistor or aninductor in place of capacitor 17-2 (in such a case, capacitor 17-1 isexcluded).

In the example of FIG. 7, however, tuning capacitors 17-1 and 17-2 areshown. Further, it should be understood that the designation ofcapacitor 17-4 is not representative of a real capacitor. Rather, therepresentation is here added to merely indicate the presence of straycapacitance in the circuit by way of illustration. Ideally, straycapacitance would not be present in the circuit. Otherwise, capacitor17-4 may be excluded.

In the exemplary arrangement of FIG. 7, the ON position of the GaAs FETswitch 15 connects capacitors 17-1 and 17-2 in series for the totalcapacitance of the switch leg 19. In the OFF position, capacitor 17-1 isnot connected to anything (since the termination capacitor is excluded)and ideally would not contribute to the total capacitance of the switchleg 19. In the example shown, capacitor 17-1 can be chosen to have anextremely large value so that the circuit would effectively see onlycapacitor 17-2.

The example of FIG. 7 is intended to show that the design can beimplemented by simply switching a component or a minimum number ofcomponents (regardless of the type of component) in or out of thetunable bandpass filter 10 to alter the frequency response of thetunable bandpass filter 10.

FIG. 8 shows an example of manpack radio 40 (in ghost), in which thetunable bandpass filter 10 can implemented. An exemplary field pack forcarrying the manpack radio 40 is designated by reference numeral 42. Theexample shown is for illustration purposes only, and is not intended tobe limiting. The tunable bandpass filter 10 can also be implemented in ahandheld radio, a phone, etc. However, the tunable bandpass filter 10 isnot limited to use in mobile communication devices.

A block diagram of a system in which the invention can be implemented isshown in FIG. 9. As shown in FIG. 9, a mixer 51 receives a modulatedtransmit IF (intermediate frequency) signal and a variable localoscillator signal. The mixed signal is output to low pass filter (LPF)500 where unwanted frequencies are attenuated (the filter passes adesired range of low frequencies). The output of LPF 500 is amplifiedthrough amplifier stages 55-1 and 55-2 and input to switch 57-1. Switch57-1 is used as a 1 to 5 way switch to select the appropriate bandpassfilter 10 (10-1 thru 10-5) to be tuned to the desired frequency.Bandpass filter 10 is actually 5 bandpass filters, each having aconfiguration of the bandpass filter 10 of FIG. 1, for example.

As shown in the example of FIG. 9, frequency coverage for the tunablebandpass filter 10 includes frequencies from 30-512 MHz using multiplebands of filters 10. The multiple bands include a 30-57 MHz band, a57-108 MHz band, a 108-160.7 MHz band, a 160.7-304.8 MHz band and a304.8-512 MHz band (this example is not intended to be limiting).

After tuning the selected filter 10 to pass the desired frequency,switch 57-2 (also a 1 to 5 way switch) passes the output of the selectedtuned filter to amplifier stages 55-3 and 55-4 for amplification. Filter502 filters out unwanted harmonics from the signal and passes it toantenna 59 which transmits the signal at the selected frequency.

An operation of the tunable bandpass filter 10 will now be explained.

Referring again to the block diagram of FIG. 9, an IF signal isreceived, mixed and amplified in the manner previously described.Controllers in an SDR (not shown) output signals to 1 to 5 way switches57-1 and 57-2 to select the appropriate tunable bandpass filter 10 tunedto pass a desired frequency band. The signal from the amplifier stagesis input to the selected filter at autotransformer 11-1, which resonateswith any capacitors currently switched into the filter. Based onswitched combinations (which switch legs 19 are ON or OFF), a signalhaving a desired frequency range is output at autotransformer 11-2 ofthe tunable bandpass filter 10.

To tune the filter to a different frequency, tune settings are recalledfrom a memory (for example, a ROM) and ON/OFF control signals V1 and V2are output via the separate conductive paths of line 20 to again turnthe appropriate GaAs FET switches 15 ON or OFF. The ON/OFF switchingaction switches the appropriate switch legs 19 in or out of the selectedtunable bandpass filter 10. As a result, the tuning capacitors switchedinto the tunable bandpass filter 10 resonate with the autotransformers11-1, 11-2 to produce the new center frequency. The center frequency(resonant frequency) may be defined as the geometric mean between thelower cutoff frequency and the upper cutoff frequency of the frequencyband of interest.

Each tunable bandpass filter 10 typically has different values ofcapacitors. For example, the tunable bandpass filter 10-1 (30-57 MHz)typically has different value capacitors than filter 10-3 (304.8-512MHz). Center frequencies and bandwidths for each band are determined bythe combinations of legs switched either ON or OFF. The number ofcombinations is determined by 2^(n), where n is the number of switchlegs. For example, a filter having 6 switch legs would have 2⁶ (64)possible combinations which may be used to produce desired centerfrequencies and bandwidths. A filter having one switch leg would haveonly two combinations, but would nevertheless produce a frequency andbandwidth associated with the capacitor values chosen for the switchlegs. In other words, the filter is fully functional with only twoswitch legs total, but may be limited with respect to bandwidth andnumber of center frequencies.

Frequency responses for each switch combination are determined duringthe design phase, and the combinations which produce each frequencystored in a memory for recall. Each filter has its own unique set ofstored combinations.

Referring again to FIG. 9, at the output of the tunable bandpass filter10 (autotransformer 11-2), the signal at the new frequency is amplifiedand filtered (in filter 502), and then transmitted via antenna 59.

In the tuning operation described above, level shifting circuit 30provides control signals V1 and V2 via line 20 to turn GaAs FET switches15 on or off to switch tuning portions in or out of the tunable bandpassfilter 10. The magnitude of the control signals to level shiftingcircuit 30 can be as low as LVCMOS levels (0 to about 3 volts), or couldbe as high as 8 volts for obtaining maximum linearity. In other words,the magnitude of the control signals can be tailored to fit the use.

The LVCMOS control signal input to level shifting circuit 30 is usuallyfrom about 0 volts (low) to about 3 volts (high). The level shiftingcircuit 30 can shift a control signal for the GaAs FET 15 as high as 8volts. However, depending on the configuration of the comparator, anyintermediate ON voltage level up to 8 volts, for example, can beselected. The switch “OFF” voltage is about 0 volts. For the switch “ON”voltage, linearity of the switch increases as the voltage level to theswitch increases.

For the embodiments shown above, control signals to the level shifterare provided by a board resident LVCMOS compatible FPGA (fieldprogrammable gate array). A field programmable gate array is a type ofintegrated circuit. The FPGA provides the designer with the ability tocustom program and reprogram the component function. As previouslymentioned, predetermined tune settings are typically stored in a ROM(read only memory), and then recalled to tune the filter.

Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the operation of thetunable bandpass filter 10, as well as the system shown in the blockdiagram of FIG. 9 can be managed by one or more controllers of the SDR(not shown). For example, switches 57-1 and 57-2 can be simultaneouslyswitched by the same controller.

The table in FIG. 10 compares linearity, size, power and selectivity ofthe GaAs FET tuned bandpass filter 10 against these same features invaractor and diode tuned bandpass filters. As shown in the table, theGaAs FET switch-tuned bandpass filter 10 is small in size, has excellentlinearity, good selectivity and low power consumption. Additionaldiscussion related to these is provided below.

Bandwidth and insertion loss of the tunable bandpass filter 10 can becontrolled by varying the value of the coupling inductor 13. Insertionloss refers to the attenuation of the filter within its specifiedbandwidth. Insertion loss can also be described as the transmission lossmeasured in dB at that point in the passband that exhibits the minimumvalue. It is here noted that there is some insertion loss in the tunablebandpass filter 10 of the invention. However, the amount of insertionloss is tolerable in a filter used in a transmitter. While the filtermay be used in a receiver, the amount of insertion loss would likely becontraindicative of any such suggestion.

Linearity of the GaAs FET switch-tuned filter 10 can be greatlyinfluenced by the selection of the appropriate GaAs FET switches 15themselves. The availability of integrated GaAs FET switches in smallplastic packages contribute to making this filter realizable. In otherwords, the linearity of the filter can be determined by the linearity ofthe commercially available part selected, e.g., the Skyworks AS-211-334.For this GaAs FET switch, the datasheet indicates the OIP3 (outputintercept point) is 43 dBm for 3V control logic and 50 dBm for 5Vcontrol logic. As the data sheet indicates, linearity is influenced bythe voltage used to control the GaAS FET switch (linearity improves withhigher voltage).

If minimum parts count is required, the GaAs FET switches 15 can becontrolled directly by LVCMOS logic with some degradation in linearity.In such a case, the level shifting circuit 30 can be bypassed or simplynot used. For maximum linearity performance (but additional parts count)voltage level shifting can be added.

With respect to space savings, the size of the filter is not affectedsignificantly with level shifting circuitry added. For example, the GaAsFET switched filter is only about 0.870 in²×0.070″ high including thelevel shifting circuitry. These size dimensions are still notablysmaller than size dimensions of a PIN diode switched filter, which isabout 2.2 in²×0.070″ high. For a PIN diode switched circuit, thesignificantly greater size dimension is not attributable to the diodeitself, in that there is no appreciable difference between the size of aGaAs FET and a PIN diode.

Rather, a greater space requirement for a PIN diode switched filter hasmore to do with the amount of the biasing circuitry required for eachPIN diode. Particularly, each PIN diode requires an independent andcomplicated DC feed. For example, in the OFF state, each PIN diode mustbe reverse biased with a sufficiently high DC voltage (25 VDC max) tokeep the diode OFF. In the ON state, each PIN diode must be forwardbiased with a significant DC current. Biasing circuitry for each PINdiode includes more than a dozen components, primarily includingresistors and transistors. Further each DC biasing circuit must be RFbypassed with both inductors and capacitors, thereby further increasingthe size of the PIN diode switched filter,

By contrast, the only add-on for the GaAs FET switched filter is thecomparatively smaller level shifter. A filter having 10 PIN diodes, forexample, would be much larger than a filter having 10 GaAs FETs.

Power consumption for the GaAs FET switch 15 is also quite low. Forexample, a single GaAs FET filter having 30-57 MHz frequency coverage,GaAs FET filter power, including level shifting circuitry, is only about17 mW. By comparison, power consumption for a PIN diode filter is about390 mW.

Selectivity (transmit selectivity) refers to a measure of the filter'sability to produce closely spaced frequencies without mutualinterference. With respect to selectivity, selectivity of the tunablebandpass filter 10 with two coupled resonators (tuned portions) can beprimarily determined by the coupling, and the measure of the sharpnessof the resonance or frequency selectivity of a tuned circuit (Q orquality factor).

For a comparative discussion of selectivity, FIG. 10 shows thatselectivity of GaAs FET switch-tuned bandpass filter is as good as avaractor tuned filter, while a PIN diode tuned filter has excellentselectivity. However, the GaAs switch-tuned bandpass filter 10 of theinvention can obtain comparative selectivity with the PIN diode tunedfilter by increasing the loaded Q (Q_(L)) of the resonator and changingthe coupling (inductor value) to affect impedance in the filter.

To increase the Q_(L) of the resonator while also preventing insertionloss of the filter, two switch legs can be placed in parallel (see FIG.6). The lower resistance from the parallel switch leg arrangementincreases the Q_(L) of the resonator, and therefore increasingselectivity of the filter.

It will be understood that the present invention can be implemented inother communication devices, and is not restricted to use in handheld ormanpack radios. For example, it is conceivable that the system can usedin devices having form factors as small as or smaller than cellularphones or other handheld communications devices.

The spirit of the present invention is not limited to any embodimentdescribed above. Rather, the details and features of an exemplaryembodiment were disclosed as required. Without departing from the scopeof this invention, other modifications will therefore be apparent tothose skilled in the art. Thus, it must be understood that the detaileddescription of the invention and drawings were intended as illustrativeonly, and not by way of limitation.

1. A software defined radio having one or more tunable bandpass filtercircuits, the one or more tunable bandpass filter circuits comprising:an impedance step-up element at an input of the one or more tunablebandpass filter circuits; an impedance step-down element at an output ofthe one or more tunable bandpass filter circuits; one or more tuningportions, each tuning portions being comprised of at least one componentselected from among a capacitive component, a resistive component and aninductive component, and a GaAs FET switch to switch said at least onecomponent in and out of the one or more tunable bandpass filtercircuits; and terminal to receive at least one input signal to turn saidat least one switching element on or off.
 2. The software defined radioof claim 1 wherein the impedance step-up element is an autotransformerand the impedance step-down element is an autotransformer.
 3. Thesoftware defined radio of claim 1 wherein one said at least onecomponent is a capacitor connected at a first signal terminal of saidGaAs FET switch and another said at least one component is a capacitorconnected between a second signal terminal of said gallium arsenidefield effect transistor and ground.
 4. The software defined radio ofclaim 3 further including a termination capacitor for the GaAs FETswitch when it is turned off.
 5. The software defined radio of claim 1wherein the at least one input signal is a digital signal.
 6. Thesoftware defined radio of claim 5 wherein the digital signal islevel-shifted.
 7. The software defined radio of claim 6, wherein voltagelevels of the digital signal range from LVCMOS levels on a low end andup to and including a level of 8 volts on an upper end.
 8. The softwaredefined radio of claim 1 wherein said software defined radio is selectedfrom among a handheld radio and a manpack radio, and said one or moretunable bandpass filter.